Is there a procedure or algorithm that can decide whether statements, mathematical or non-mathematical, are true or false, win or draw? The broader decision problem can be stated as follows: Even though a mathematical or non-mathematical statement is undecidable in general, it may be possible to find a special algorithm that makes a computer model stop or checkmate. A computer model stops when a true or false decision is made. A computer model game ends when a checkmate win or draw occurs....

In the past, we have had many metaphysical astronomical theories. Today, Hubble's law is the mainstay of modern theories which reasonably explains the Observed Universe. Some theories attempt to explain phenomena of observational astronomy alleged beyond the Observed Universe summarized in Hubble's law. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang metaphysical theory, which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics. Many questions of astronomy turn o...

Because the life span of the human species is infinitesimaly small compared to that of the cosmos, no picture of the entire cosmos is beyond speculation. The problem with cosmology science is that it is pure speculation group think tied to the expansion of the universe theories propounded by general gravitation and the Big Bang. Cosmology science tied to government and academia appears resisting new ideas in exchange for funding and survival. In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that l...

Electrostatics exemplified by Coulomb's law and Electrodynamics exemplified by Maxwell's equations are two forms of electric effects caused by electrons and photons. Electrodynamic phenomena in particular exhibit time-like wave motion of electric fields and photons. Gravitational phenomena on the other hand are less inclusive. Gravistatics exemplified by Newton's Law of Gravitation is the only form of gravity effects caused by uncharged mass. Gravidynamics does not exist as a separate form...

The coming of rapid scientific innovations since 1950 account for the accelerating human population growth. The human population increases by natural selection amplified by innovation which it uses to increase food production and to increase human comforts available in developed countries (food, clothes, shelter, health, etc.).Innovations diffuse in society. As long as food lasts, population increases exponentially in time. And, we can predict future population scenarios in time. Po...

Cosmic Ladder distance measurements establish the linearity of Hubble's law out to a distance of about 13 bly. However, even with mitigating facts, beyond 13 bly we do not know if the Hubble law line rate increases or decreases beyond its linear line rate, to thereby know if the universe accelerates or decelerates its expansion.The Big Bang theory is an ad hoc theory based on complex mathematics of General Relativity, a theoretical model of an explosion of matter creating the Cosmi...

Global food supply F drives global population to some asymptotic value presently estimated at about Po=10 billion people, assuming F does not exceed the maximum food supply Fmax. And, global environmental effects drive global population downward from the 10 billion estimate. Thus, if an asymptotic population Po cannot exist beyond the present 7 billion population supported by F then global environmental effects will collapse the human species even if F

How well do Newton's and Einstein's theories explain Kepler's observations of planetary orbits? Do Newton's laws of motion apply in Newton's gravitation? Are Kepler's Newton's and Einstein's laws universal? Does Einstein's theory replace Newton's theory?Newton's laws of motion and gravitation admit fictional centrifugal forces in angular motions and, with such fictional forces, Newton's law of gravitation acting radially predicts all types of conical orbits including Kepler's laws. ...

In this short book Fermat's Last Theorem is easily proven and Beals Conjecture is easily Disprovenusing Pythagora's Theorem

Observations indicate that everything spins. In this page I consider classical ideas of planetary, galactic and atomic rotations (orbits and spins). What is dark matter and can galaxies have quantized orbits? I speculate that dark matter can be explained by assuming a galaxy spins like a solid body and that some high spin rate objects (black holes, neutron stars) might have quantized orbits.

The Observed Universe contains data at low relativistic speeds. Doppler theory says beyond that point, in the non Observed Universe, the relativistic effect deviates from Hubble's law and distance becomes infinite as speed approaches the speed of light.The Observed Universe extends to a radius of about 700 Mps and speed about a tenth of the speed of light. Doppler theory lengthens the light originating from receding matter to optical levels via redshift. Nothing is seen in the non Observed...

Does Einstein's theory, recent test results and detectors prove that gravitational waves exist and propagate at the speed of light? The answer is no. From searches on Google, I summarize knowledge of electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves, recent test results. I then make analysis and present conclusions.