Rakuten Kobo

Carrito de compra

Artículos no disponibles para compra.

Por favor revisa tu carrito. Puedes eliminar los artículos no disponibles ahora o los eliminaremos nosotros automáticamente al momento de pagar.

artículosartículo

- Acceso ilimitado a eBooks
  
  Acceso ilimitado a audiolibros
  
  Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions
  
  Recibe 1 crédito cada mes para el audiolibro de tu elección
  
  Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions
  
  Acceso ilimitado a eBooks
  
  Acceso ilimitado a audiolibros
  
  Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions
  Audiolibro
  de ,
  
  Disponible el:
  
  . Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions.
  
  Preventa
  1 audiolibro mensual
  
  + Prueba gratis de 30 días
  
  Oferta especial
  
  Recibe 1 crédito cada mes para intercambiarlo por un audiolibro de tu elección.
  
  *Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento
  
  GRATIS

artículosartículo

Acceso ilimitado a eBooks

Acceso ilimitado a audiolibros

Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions

Recibe 1 crédito cada mes para el audiolibro de tu elección

Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions

Acceso ilimitado a eBooks

Acceso ilimitado a audiolibros

Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions
Audiolibro
de ,

Disponible el:
. Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento en kobo.com/account/subscriptions.

Preventa
1 audiolibro mensual

+ Prueba gratis de 30 días

Oferta especial

Recibe 1 crédito cada mes para intercambiarlo por un audiolibro de tu elección.

*Sin compromiso, cancela en cualquier momento

GRATIS

Recomendado para ti

Capire il Codice dei Contratti

Attraverso schemi e mappe concettuali

de Pierre 2020 ...

Pensato per chi deve approcciarsi alla materia per concorsi ed esami, è aggiornato con la normativa più recente. Attraverso mappe concettuali e schede sintetiche introduce i lettori agli elementi essenziali del Codice dei Contratti.Indice degli argomenti:Cos’è il Codice dei contratti pubblici?Il contesto di riferimentoIl rapporto con la legge 142/90Di cosa si occupa il Codice?La trasparenzaI ... Leer más

$14.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Pensato per chi deve approcciarsi alla materia per concorsi ed esami, è aggiornato con la normativa più recente. Attraverso mappe concettuali e schede sintetiche introduce i lettori agli elementi essenziali del Codice dei Contratti.Indice degli argomenti:Cos’è il Codice dei contratti pubblici?Il contesto di riferimentoIl rapporto con la legge 142/90Di cosa si occupa il Codice?La trasparenzaI
... Leer más
The School Psychology Licensure Exam Guide, Second Edition

de Peter Thompson, PhD ...

ìThis guide is direct and practical. You will find out exactly where you are weakest in knowledge so that your studying can be most directed. I exceeded the NASP passing score AND the national average on my first try at the praxis 400 exam-- using this book as my 'Bible' (and I am "only" a Specialist level sch. psych).îì[I] used this book and passed with a 720. [I]t's straightforward, and the ... Leer más

$80.99 USD

ìThis guide is direct and practical. You will find out exactly where you are weakest in knowledge so that your studying can be most directed. I exceeded the NASP passing score AND the national average on my first try at the praxis 400 exam-- using this book as my 'Bible' (and I am "only" a Specialist level sch. psych).îì[I] used this book and passed with a 720. [I]t's straightforward, and the
... Leer más
Percorsi e materiali per il concorso a cattedra IdR

Insegnanti di Religione

de Andrea Porcarelli ...

Affrontare e superare con successo il Concorso a cattedra per insegnanti di religione con un testo completo e autorevole che permette di acquisire le conoscenze e le competenze necessarie.Vengono proposti in modo approfondito e facilmente consultabile sia elementi di cultura pedagogico-didattica, sia elementi di legislazione e organizzazione scolastica. Ampio spazio è dedicato agli elementi ... Leer más

$19.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Affrontare e superare con successo il Concorso a cattedra per insegnanti di religione con un testo completo e autorevole che permette di acquisire le conoscenze e le competenze necessarie.Vengono proposti in modo approfondito e facilmente consultabile sia elementi di cultura pedagogico-didattica, sia elementi di legislazione e organizzazione scolastica. Ampio spazio è dedicato agli elementi
... Leer más
幼儿园教师资格考试.综合素质（微课版）

de 徐敏 ...

本书紧密结合《中小学和幼儿园教师资格考试标准（试行）》和《〈综合素质〉（幼儿园）》考试大纲，涵盖考试标准和大纲所涉及的具体知识，主要包括职业理念、教育法律法规、教师职业道德、文化素养和基本能力五大模块内容。本书可以作为学前教育专业学生和社会人士参加幼儿园教师资格国家统一考试的辅导用书，也可以作为幼儿园教师了解和掌握综合素质的参考用书。 ... Leer más

$19.02 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

本书紧密结合《中小学和幼儿园教师资格考试标准（试行）》和《〈综合素质〉（幼儿园）》考试大纲，涵盖考试标准和大纲所涉及的具体知识，主要包括职业理念、教育法律法规、教师职业道德、文化素养和基本能力五大模块内容。本书可以作为学前教育专业学生和社会人士参加幼儿园教师资格国家统一考试的辅导用书，也可以作为幼儿园教师了解和掌握综合素质的参考用书。
... Leer más
CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Science

de Priti Singhal ...

Series Libro 8 - CTET Books Series
This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Science, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers all key topics from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology along with important aspects of science pedagogy, as per the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully ... Leer más

$2.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Science, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers all key topics from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology along with important aspects of science pedagogy, as per the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully
... Leer más
CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Language 1

de Priti Singhal ...

Series Libro 6 - CTET Books Series
This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Language 1, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers essential areas such as language comprehension, grammar, and pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully structured to ... Leer más

$9.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Language 1, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers essential areas such as language comprehension, grammar, and pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully structured to
... Leer más
CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Social Science

de Priti Singhal ...

Series Libro 9 - CTET Books Series
This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Social Science, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers all major areas of Social Science, including History, Geography, Civics, and Pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully ... Leer más

$2.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Social Science, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers all major areas of Social Science, including History, Geography, Civics, and Pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully
... Leer más
Independent MTEL Foundations of Reading (190) Study Guide

Complete Content Review, 700 Practice Questions Across 7 Full-Length Tests and Detailed Explanations for Every Domain

de Alice Regent ...

Your MTEL date is set; now turn the clock into a countdown.This is not just a test. It is the gate to your Massachusetts classroom. Every year, thousands of aspiring teachers face the same gap: a broad domain list and no reliable way to know if they are ready. This guide is built on the official Massachusetts framework to close that gap. It delivers 700 practice questions across 7 full-length ... Leer más

$18.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Your MTEL date is set; now turn the clock into a countdown.This is not just a test. It is the gate to your Massachusetts classroom. Every year, thousands of aspiring teachers face the same gap: a broad domain list and no reliable way to know if they are ready. This guide is built on the official Massachusetts framework to close that gap. It delivers 700 practice questions across 7 full-length
... Leer más
CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Child Development and Pedagogy

de Priti Singhal ...

Series Libro 5 - CTET Books Series
This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Child Development and Pedagogy, is designed to help aspiring teachers build a strong understanding of the essential concepts required for the CTET examination. It offers a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) covering key topics such as child development, learning theories, teaching strategies, and inclusive education, as per the ... Leer más

$2.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

This book, CTET Paper 2 (Class VI–VIII) Child Development and Pedagogy, is designed to help aspiring teachers build a strong understanding of the essential concepts required for the CTET examination. It offers a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) covering key topics such as child development, learning theories, teaching strategies, and inclusive education, as per the
... Leer más
PRAXIS PLT Test - Quick Review Study Facts & Outline

240+ Quick Review Study Facts

de Examville Education ...

PRAXIS PLT Test - 240+ Quick Review Study Facts & OutlineImportant facts that you need to know compiled in an easy-to-understand summary format.Preparing for your teaching licensing or certification exam? Use this Quick Review Facts study notes to quickly review for the exam. Learn and review on the go! Use Quick Review Study Notes to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can use ... Leer más

$4.95 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

PRAXIS PLT Test - 240+ Quick Review Study Facts & OutlineImportant facts that you need to know compiled in an easy-to-understand summary format.Preparing for your teaching licensing or certification exam? Use this Quick Review Facts study notes to quickly review for the exam. Learn and review on the go! Use Quick Review Study Notes to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can use
... Leer más
Middle Grades Social Science Skill Practice

Practice Test Questions for US History, World History, Geography, Civics, and Economics

de Complete Test Preparation Inc. ...

Are you worried that a single exam is standing between you and your dream of teaching middle school?The Middle Grades Social Science exam covers a massive amount of territory-from the ancient world to modern economics. It's enough to make any aspiring teacher feel a bit lost. That's why we created this guide. We're an independent publisher based in the Pacific Northwest, and we believe test prep ... Leer más

$14.29 USD

Are you worried that a single exam is standing between you and your dream of teaching middle school?The Middle Grades Social Science exam covers a massive amount of territory-from the ancient world to modern economics. It's enough to make any aspiring teacher feel a bit lost. That's why we created this guide. We're an independent publisher based in the Pacific Northwest, and we believe test prep
... Leer más
Il Metodo Congedo - per le prove scritte di matematica

de Vincenzo Congedo ...

Quest'opera trasforma radicalmente l'approccio all'apprendimento matematico, offrendo strumenti concreti per decifrare e dominare una gamma vasta di argomenti: dalle fondamenta dei numeri e delle operazioni, alla complessità delle equazioni e disequazioni, fino alle sfide della trigonometria, della geometria analitica e oltre. L' autore condivide il frutto di anni di esperienza didattica, svelando ... Leer más

$11.99 USD

Quest'opera trasforma radicalmente l'approccio all'apprendimento matematico, offrendo strumenti concreti per decifrare e dominare una gamma vasta di argomenti: dalle fondamenta dei numeri e delle operazioni, alla complessità delle equazioni e disequazioni, fino alle sfide della trigonometria, della geometria analitica e oltre. L' autore condivide il frutto di anni di esperienza didattica, svelando
... Leer más
Réussir la certification AZ-900: Le guide complet pour débutants

de Arden Kaleo ...

"Réussir la certification AZ-900 : Le guide complet pour débutants" est votre compagnon idéal pour maîtriser les fondamentaux du cloud computing avec Microsoft Azure et réussir l'examen AZ-900. Conçu pour les débutants, ce livre pédagogique couvre tous les concepts clés : modèles de services cloud (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), principes de sécurité, gestion des coûts, services réseau, stockage, et bien plus ... Leer más

$6.00 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

"Réussir la certification AZ-900 : Le guide complet pour débutants" est votre compagnon idéal pour maîtriser les fondamentaux du cloud computing avec Microsoft Azure et réussir l'examen AZ-900. Conçu pour les débutants, ce livre pédagogique couvre tous les concepts clés : modèles de services cloud (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), principes de sécurité, gestion des coûts, services réseau, stockage, et bien plus
... Leer más
Pass the QTS Skills Tests with Confidence

And ace your interview

de Tony Cotton, Dave Klemm ...

Pass the QTS Skills Test with Confidence is the must-have guide for all prospective trainee teachers. It will provide you with the skills guidance, subject knowledge and confidence you need to pass the Literacy and Numeracy QTS Skills Tests, make an application that stands out and sail through interview day.Online support provided on the companion website includes tests to audit your subject ... Leer más

$44.99 USD

Pass the QTS Skills Test with Confidence is the must-have guide for all prospective trainee teachers. It will provide you with the skills guidance, subject knowledge and confidence you need to pass the Literacy and Numeracy QTS Skills Tests, make an application that stands out and sail through interview day.Online support provided on the companion website includes tests to audit your subject
... Leer más
PRAXIS II Middle School Science Test - Quick Review & Outline

Quick Review Study Facts

de Examville Education ...

PRAXIS II Middle School Science Test - Quick Review & OutlineImportant facts that you need to know compiled in an easy-to-understand summary format.Preparing for your teaching licensing or certification exam? Use this Quick Review Facts study notes to quickly review for the exam. Learn and review on the go! Use Quick Review Study Notes to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can ... Leer más

$4.95 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

PRAXIS II Middle School Science Test - Quick Review & OutlineImportant facts that you need to know compiled in an easy-to-understand summary format.Preparing for your teaching licensing or certification exam? Use this Quick Review Facts study notes to quickly review for the exam. Learn and review on the go! Use Quick Review Study Notes to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can
... Leer más
CTET Paper 1 Class I to V Language 2

de Priti Singhal ...

Series Libro 4 - CTET Books Series
This book, CTET Paper 1 (Class I–V) Language 2, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers key areas such as language comprehension, grammar, and pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully crafted to strengthen ... Leer más

$9.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

This book, CTET Paper 1 (Class I–V) Language 2, is designed to help aspiring teachers prepare effectively for the CTET examination through a comprehensive collection of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). It covers key areas such as language comprehension, grammar, and pedagogy, in alignment with the latest CTET syllabus and exam pattern. The questions are thoughtfully crafted to strengthen
... Leer más
Independent TExES PPR EC-12 (160) Complete Study Guide and Practice System

600 Questions Across 6 Full-Length Tests, Detailed Answer Explanations and Full Content Review for All Domains

de Marilyn Treesong, PrepMaster Digital ...

Two types of PPR test-takers: those who guess and those who know.The TExES PPR EC-12 exam demands more than memorization. It requires deep understanding of pedagogy and professional responsibilities. This guide is engineered to close the gap between where you are and where you need to be.Built for the Texas Teaching Standards - Not Just the TestWe mapped every page to the competencies and all ... Leer más

$18.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Two types of PPR test-takers: those who guess and those who know.The TExES PPR EC-12 exam demands more than memorization. It requires deep understanding of pedagogy and professional responsibilities. This guide is engineered to close the gap between where you are and where you need to be.Built for the Texas Teaching Standards - Not Just the TestWe mapped every page to the competencies and all
... Leer más
Independent FTCE Professional Education Test Study Guide

Complete Content Review, 480 Practice Questions Across 6 Tests and Detailed Answer Explanations for All Competency Areas

de Marion Eberhardt, PrepMaster Digital ...

Stuck on the FTCE Professional Education Test? Good.You have eight competency areas to master and a test that demands more than surface knowledge. This guide is built to close the gap: a full content review, 480 practice questions in six full-length exams, and explanations that show you the reasoning behind each answer.One guide covers every competency. No gaps.Most FTCE prep books give you only a ... Leer más

$18.99 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Stuck on the FTCE Professional Education Test? Good.You have eight competency areas to master and a test that demands more than surface knowledge. This guide is built to close the gap: a full content review, 480 practice questions in six full-length exams, and explanations that show you the reasoning behind each answer.One guide covers every competency. No gaps.Most FTCE prep books give you only a
... Leer más
Independent GACE Middle Grades Science (705) Study Guide

550 Practice Questions, 5 Full-Length Tests and Essential Content Review Without the Padding

de Archie Fry, PrepMaster Digital ...

Top scorers skip the fluff and target only what's tested.The GACE Middle Grades Science (705) exam is tough, but the difference between a borderline score and a strong one is targeted preparation. This guide delivers exactly that. We cut the extras so you can focus on what matters.Realistic Practice, No PaddingYou get 5 full-length practice tests (550 questions total) and 1400 digital flashcards, ... Leer más

$25.69 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Top scorers skip the fluff and target only what's tested.The GACE Middle Grades Science (705) exam is tough, but the difference between a borderline score and a strong one is targeted preparation. This guide delivers exactly that. We cut the extras so you can focus on what matters.Realistic Practice, No PaddingYou get 5 full-length practice tests (550 questions total) and 1400 digital flashcards,
... Leer más
Independent ILTS Elementary Education (305) Study Guide

Comprehensive Review, 600 Practice Questions Across 4 Full-Length Tests and Detailed Explanations to Master All Six Subareas

de Ripley Boers, PrepMaster Digital ...

Two candidates approach the ILTS 305: one organized, one overwhelmed.The challenge is real: six subareas, hundreds of concepts and a test that decides your certification. This guide delivers the structure and depth you need to close the gap.Your Complete Prep System: Review, Practice and Digital ToolsUnlike most guides that offer only a few practice tests, this one gives you 4 full-length tests ... Leer más

$28.49 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Two candidates approach the ILTS 305: one organized, one overwhelmed.The challenge is real: six subareas, hundreds of concepts and a test that decides your certification. This guide delivers the structure and depth you need to close the gap.Your Complete Prep System: Review, Practice and Digital ToolsUnlike most guides that offer only a few practice tests, this one gives you 4 full-length tests
... Leer más
Navigating Teacher Licensure Exams

Success and Self-Discovery on the High-Stakes Path to the Classroom

de Emery Petchauer ...

Navigating Teacher Licensure Exams offers practical, empirically sourced insights into the high-stakes licensure exams required in most states for teacher certification. This unique resource foregrounds the experiences of diverse preservice teachers, including teachers of color, to understand how they organize their preparation efforts, overcome self-doubt and anxiety, and navigate the high ... Leer más

$55.99 USD

Navigating Teacher Licensure Exams offers practical, empirically sourced insights into the high-stakes licensure exams required in most states for teacher certification. This unique resource foregrounds the experiences of diverse preservice teachers, including teachers of color, to understand how they organize their preparation efforts, overcome self-doubt and anxiety, and navigate the high
... Leer más
Praxis Core Study Guide Comprehensive Preparation with Practice Tests, Detailed Answer Explanations, and Proven Strategies for Reading, Writing, and Mathematics (5713, 5723, 5733)

de Jonathan L Reese ...

Are you ready to master the Praxis Core exam and embark on your journey to becoming an educator?Dive into the comprehensive Praxis Core Study Guide, meticulously crafted to equip you with the essential skills needed to excel in the Reading, Writing, and Mathematics sections of the exam. Whether you're aiming to refine your critical reading abilities, polish your writing proficiency, or conquer ... Leer más

$9.99 USD

Are you ready to master the Praxis Core exam and embark on your journey to becoming an educator?Dive into the comprehensive Praxis Core Study Guide, meticulously crafted to equip you with the essential skills needed to excel in the Reading, Writing, and Mathematics sections of the exam. Whether you're aiming to refine your critical reading abilities, polish your writing proficiency, or conquer
... Leer más
Signs Your Kid Has Learning Difficulties

de Tommy Rutgersson ...

Unlock the secrets to your child's learning journey with "Signs Your Kid Has Learning Difficulties." This groundbreaking guide is essential reading for every parent, educator, and caregiver committed to nurturing a child's potential. In a world where every child learns differently, recognizing the signs of learning difficulties early can be the key to their success. This book expertly navigates ... Leer más

$15.00 USD o gratis con Kobo Plus

Unlock the secrets to your child's learning journey with "Signs Your Kid Has Learning Difficulties." This groundbreaking guide is essential reading for every parent, educator, and caregiver committed to nurturing a child's potential. In a world where every child learns differently, recognizing the signs of learning difficulties early can be the key to their success. This book expertly navigates
... Leer más
FTCE Mathematics 6-12

de Sharon Wynne ...

Series series FTCE
Aligned with current FTCE standards, our study guide provides a comprehensive review of all 15 competencies. We give you a thorough review of all domains, competencies, skills, and focus statements tested on the FTCE Mathematics 6-12 exam. Unlike other teacher certification test preparation material, our FTCE Mathematics 6-12 study guide drills all the way down to the focus statement level, ... Leer más

$28.09 USD

Aligned with current FTCE standards, our study guide provides a comprehensive review of all 15 competencies. We give you a thorough review of all domains, competencies, skills, and focus statements tested on the FTCE Mathematics 6-12 exam. Unlike other teacher certification test preparation material, our FTCE Mathematics 6-12 study guide drills all the way down to the focus statement level,
... Leer más

Kobo Rakuten

eReaders

Aplicaciones

Accesorios

Carrito de compra

¡Obtienes el tratamiento VIP!

Tu carrito de compra está vacío

Disponible el:

1 audiolibro mensual

+ Prueba gratis de 30 días

Disponible el:

1 audiolibro mensual

+ Prueba gratis de 30 días

Recomendado para ti

eBooks de NTE

Capire il Codice dei Contratti

The School Psychology Licensure Exam Guide, Second Edition

Percorsi e materiali per il concorso a cattedra IdR

幼儿园教师资格考试.综合素质（微课版）

CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Science

CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Language 1

CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Social Science

Independent MTEL Foundations of Reading (190) Study Guide

CTET Paper 2 Class VI to VIII Child Development and Pedagogy

PRAXIS PLT Test - Quick Review Study Facts & Outline

Middle Grades Social Science Skill Practice

Il Metodo Congedo - per le prove scritte di matematica

Réussir la certification AZ-900: Le guide complet pour débutants

Pass the QTS Skills Tests with Confidence

PRAXIS II Middle School Science Test - Quick Review & Outline

CTET Paper 1 Class I to V Language 2

Independent TExES PPR EC-12 (160) Complete Study Guide and Practice System

Independent FTCE Professional Education Test Study Guide

Independent GACE Middle Grades Science (705) Study Guide

Independent ILTS Elementary Education (305) Study Guide

Navigating Teacher Licensure Exams

Praxis Core Study Guide Comprehensive Preparation with Practice Tests, Detailed Answer Explanations, and Proven Strategies for Reading, Writing, and Mathematics (5713, 5723, 5733)

Signs Your Kid Has Learning Difficulties

FTCE Mathematics 6-12