Liberty is contested because it is complex. It is not merely a concern of political science or economy, an abstract philosophical concept, or a theological doctrine. It is all those things and many things besides; it is, as Lord Acton said, "the delicate fruit of a mature civilization." To understand this complex and contested idea, the best place to begin is with Acton himself, the foremost historian of liberty. This collection of Acton's most important historical and moral essays introdu...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrote ...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...

John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 19 June 1902), is better known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton and usually referred to simply as Lord Acton. Lord Acton was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer born into a family full of nobility. Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centers of Europe and in the United States, making friends with Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel and Ranke. As a result, Lord Acton wrot...