Consciousness is often treated as unitary phenomenon. We challenge this and propose a framework that parses it into two functionally distinct representational media. Reviewing dominant theories, as well as studies of perceptual failures, neural activity, visual search and attention – we argue that phenomenal experience arises early as a detailed, analogue, and relatively generic representation of the physical world. Awareness, a later and more idiosyncratic representation of the world, res...

The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the sovereignty of reason and the evidence of the senses as the primary sources of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enl...

This file includes 11 books: Medieval Hebrew (featuring The Midrash and medieval collections of Jewish biblical lore and legend), Hebraic Literature (translations from the Talmud, Midrashim, and KabbalaTales and Maxims from the Midrash by Samuel Rapaport, The Sayings of the Jewish Fathers (Pirke Abot), Kitab al Khazari by Judah Hallevi, The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg, Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria by Norman Bentwich, The Guide for the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides, The Ethics by B...

How does the environment shape the individual? What gives rise to identity, social interaction, and human consciousness?Environment and the Individual: Studies in Environmental Structure, Individuality, and Social Process presents an original philosophical framework for understanding the relationship between environment, consciousness, individuality, and society.Drawing from philosophy, environmental psychology, social psyc...

Translated by Dr. A. Wolf from the Dutch [version of the author's Tractatus de Deo et homine] and edited and with an introduction by Dagobert D. Runes.Spinoza is today considered the Philosopher of Modern Times, as Aristotle was the Philosopher of Antiquity. In spite of which, he remains the best known and least read of the great thinkers.The Book of God, one of his earliest works, came to light only a hundred years ago in two slightly varying Dutch manusc...

In the treatise, Spinoza put forth his most systematic critique of Judaism, and all organized religion in general. Spinoza argued that theology and philosophy must be kept separate, particularly in the reading of scripture. Whereas the goal of theology is obedience, philosophy aims at understanding rational truth. Scripture does not teach philosophy and thus cannot be made to conform with it, otherwise the meaning of scripture will be distorted. Conversely, if reason is made subservient to...

Baruch Spinoza's "Ethics (Complete Edition)" presents a groundbreaking exploration of metaphysics, epistemology, and moral philosophy, rooted in a geometric method that profoundly influenced modern thought. Spinoza's work challenges traditional religious beliefs by advocating for a rational understanding of the universe, proposing that God and Nature are one and the same (Deus sive Natura). His meticulous structure, employing definitions, axioms, and propositions, mirrors the precision of ...

This file includes: The Ethics, On the Improvement of the Understanding, and A Theologico-Political Treatise (all four parts). According to Wikipedia: "Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy...

Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione, or On The Improvement Of The Understanding, is an unfinished work of philosophy by the 17th century philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Tractatus was first published in 1677, the year of Spinoza's death, by some of his closest friends, along with other works including the Ethica and the Tractatus Politicus. The Tractatus is an attempt to formulate a philosophical method that would allow the mind to form the clear and distinct ideas that are necessary for i...

Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (Latin: Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata), usually known as the Ethics, is a philosophical treatise written in Latin by Benedict de Spinoza. It was written between 1664 and 1665[citation needed] and was first published posthumously in 1677.The book is perhaps the most ambitious attempt to apply the method of Euclid in philosophy. Spinoza puts forward a small number of definitions and axioms from which he attempts to derive hundreds of ...

Baruch Spinoza's seminal work, 'Ethics,' presents a groundbreaking philosophical system built on the foundations of rationalism and a unique interpretation of the nature of God, the universe, and humanity. Written in a geometric format reminiscent of Euclidean principles, Spinoza meticulously lays out his arguments, exploring the interconnectedness of all existence and the pursuit of human knowledge and happiness. The book challenges traditional views on religion and morality, asserting th...

Far from the Madding Crowd is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success. It originally appeared anonymously as a monthly serial in Cornhill Magazine, where it gained a wide readership.It deals in themes of love, honour and betrayal, against a backdrop of the seemingly idyllic, but often harsh, realities of a farming community in Victorian England. It describes the life and relationships of Bathsheba Everdene with her lonely neighbour William Boldwood, the fait...