Metrological data is known to be blurred by the imperfections of the measuring process. For about two centuries, regular or constant errors were not the focal point of experimental activities, only irregular or random errors were. To address this here, Truth and Traceability in Physics and Metrology discusses a new error concept that dispenses with the common practice to randomize unknown systematic errors. Instead, unknown systematic errors are treated as what they are, namely un...

This book recasts the classical Gaussian error calculus from scratch, the inducements concerning both random and unknown systematic errors. The idea of this book is to create a formalism being fit to localize the true values of physical quantities considered – true with respect to the set of predefined physical units. Remarkably enough, the prevailingly practiced forms of error calculus do not feature this property which however proves in every respect, to be physically indispensable. The ...

Adhering to state and national math standards, this informative volume introduces readers to a world they may know little about: statistics and probability. In an effort to better forecast the future for gains and combat the potential losses of uncertainty, numerous areas have come to rely on the power of these disciplines. This book introduces the historical and mathematical basis of statistics and probability, as well as their application to everyday situations. Readers will also meet th...

As we navigate through life we instinctively model time as having a flowing present that divides a fixed past from open future. This model develops in childhood and is deeply saturated within our language, thought and behavior, affecting our conceptions of the universe, freedom and the self. Yet as central as it is to our lives, physics seems to have no room for this flowing present. What Makes Time Special? demonstrates this claim in detail and then turns to two novel positive ta...

Much of our understanding of human thinking is based on probabilistic models. This innovative book by Jerome R. Busemeyer and Peter D. Bruza argues that, actually, the underlying mathematical structures from quantum theory provide a much better account of human thinking than traditional models. They introduce the foundations for modeling probabilistic-dynamic systems using two aspects of quantum theory. The first, 'contextuality', is a way to understand interference effects found with infe...

This edition contains a large number of additions and corrections scattered throughout the text, including the incorporation of a new chapter on state-space models. The companion diskette for the IBM PC has expanded into the software package ITSM: An Interactive Time Series Modelling Package for the PC, which includes a manual and can be ordered from Springer-Verlag. * We are indebted to many readers who have used the book and programs and made suggestions for improvements. Unfortunately t...

Originally published as Scientific Research, this pair of volumes constitutes a fundamental treatise on the strategy of science. Mario Bunge, one of the major figures of the century in the development of a scientific epistemology, describes and analyzes scientific philosophy, as well as discloses its philosophical presuppositions. This work may be used as a map to identify the various stages in the road to scientific knowledge.Philosophy of Science is divided into two volumes, each with tw...

This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the framework, including operationalism, definitional uncertainty, and the relations between measurement and computation, and describes how the framework, operating as a shared concept system, supports u...

Good data analytics is the basis for effective decisions. Whoever has the data, has the ability to extract information promptly and effectively to make pertinent decisions. The premise of this handbook is to empower users and tool developers with the appropriate collection of formulas and techniques for data analytics and to serve as a quick reference to keep pertinent formulas within fingertip reach of readers.This handbook includes formulas that will appeal to mathematically incl...

The Equation of Knowledge: From Bayes' Rule to a Unified Philosophy of Science introduces readers to the Bayesian approach to science: teasing out the link between probability and knowledge.The author strives to make this book accessible to a very broad audience, suitable for professionals, students, and academics, as well as the enthusiastic amateur scientist/mathematician.This book also shows how Bayesianism sheds new light on nearly all areas of...

Nonlinear Psychophysical Dynamics utilizes new results in systems theory as a foundation for representing sensory channels as a form of recursive loop processes. It demonstrates that a range of phenomena, previously treated as diverse or anomalous, are more readily seen as related and as the natural consequence of self-regulation and nonlinearity. Some cases with appropriate data analysis are reviewed.

This essay is about how we produce “realities.” Scientists think of the world under the “External Reality Paradigm or Postulate” (ERP), whose familiar name is “realism.” ERP asserts that our mental representations reflect what “is” out there. One can correct eventual “reading mistakes” by empirical techniques.Brain-centrism, on the contrary, asserts that our mental representations are not what “is” out there; we perceive our reaction to the external world. We can correct reading er...