In Calculating Race, Benjamin Wiggins analyzes the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. He illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. Wiggins begins by tracing how the life insurance industry utilized race in its calculations at the end of ...

In Calculating Race, Benjamin Wiggins analyzes the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. He illustrates how actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth.Wiggins begins by tracing how the life insurance industry utilized race in its calculations at the end of the nineteenth century, focusing parti...

Since the 1890s, New Jersey has attracted hundreds of thousands of Caribbean and Latin American migrants. The state’s rich economic history, high-income suburbs, and strong public sector have all contributed to attracting, retaining, and setting the stage for Latin American and Caribbean immigrants and secondary-step migrants from New York City. Since the 1980s, however, Latinos have developed a more complex presence in the state’s political landscape and institutions. The emergence of Lat...

28 Complete Works of Kate Douglas WigginA Cathedral CourtshipA Summer in a CanyonA Village StradivariusBluebeardHomespun TalesLadies-In-WaitingMarm LisaMother Carey's ChickensNew Chronicles of RebeccaPenelope's English ExperiencesPenelope's Irish ExperiencesPenelope's PostscriptsPenelope's ProgressPinafore PalacePolly Oliver's ProblemRebecca of Sunnybrook FarmRose O' the ...

Life in the ancient ages was not as “easy” as it has become in the last two hundred years! It was literally a very dangerous place to be, and you could get yourself in trouble, or even killed, quite easily and without much effort. The best two inventions ever created by humankind are laws and law enforcement. Without them, we would still be living in a jungle-like state where every one of us would do as he pleased and we would have no security whatsoever. Laws and law enfo...