This book discusses enterprise hierarchies, which view a target system with varying degrees of abstraction. These requirement refinement hierarchies can be represented by goal models. It is important to verify that such hierarchies capture the same set of rationales and intentions and are in mutual agreement with the requirements of the system being designed. The book also explores how hierarchies manifest themselves in the real world by undertaking a data mining exercise and observing the...

This book features a collection of high-quality research papers presented at the 12th International Symposium on Applied Computing for Software and Smart systems (ACSS 2025), held on July 4–5, 2025, in Kolkata, India. The book presents innovative works by undergraduate, graduate students as well as Ph.D. scholars. The emphasis of the workshop is on software and smart systems and research outcomes on other relevant areas pertaining to advancement of computing.