What do speakers of a language have to know, and what can they 'figure out' on the basis of that knowledge, in order for them to use their language successfully? This is the question at the heart of Construction Grammar, an approach to the study of language that views all dimensions of language as equal contributors to shaping linguistic expressions. The trademark characteristic of Construction Grammar is the insight that language is a repertoire of more or less complex patterns – construc...

Constructions are long-term pairings in memory of form and meaning. How are they created and learned, how do they change, and how do they combine into new utterances (constructs, communicative performances) in working memory? Drawing on evidence from word-formation (blending, Noun-Noun-compounds) over idioms and argument structure constructions to multimodal communication, we argue that computational metaphors such as 'unification' or 'constraint-satisfaction' do not constitute a cognitive...

One of the most intriguing features of languages is that speakers can produce novel grammatical utterances that they have never heard before. Consequently, most linguists agree that the mental grammars of speakers are complex systems that must be more abstract than the input they are exposed to. Yet, linguists differ as to how general and abstract speakers' mental representations have to be to allow this grammatical creativity. This book addresses this issue by empirically investigating on...

Preposition placement, the competition between preposition stranding (What is he talking about?) and pied-piping (About what is he talking?), is one of the most interesting areas of syntactic variation in English. This is the first book to investigate preposition placement across all types of clauses that license it, such as questions, exclamations and wh-clauses, and those which exhibit categorical stranding, such as non-wh relative clauses, comparatives, and passives. Drawing on over 100...

Varieties of English are spoken all over the world from Africa to Asia, from Europe to America. In addition to its use as a foreign language, English in many of these countries is a first or second language variety that initially arose in a colonial setting. Currently, the most influential sociolinguistic model for the evolution of these 'Post-Colonial Englishes' is the Dynamic Model. In this Element, I outline how Construction Grammar, the most prominent cognitive syntactic theory, can pr...

If you were looking for the definitive Christmas anthology, consider yourself lucky, because you just found it! This book is everything you want Christmas to be — loving, warm and celebratory. Timeless and adorable, beautifully designed, "The Big Book of Christmas" is a great big stocky book — stuffed with novels, novellas, short stories, poems, carols and songs. Inside you'll find: · Novels, novellas and short stories from Charles Dickens, Louisa May Alcott, Hans Christian Andersen, O. He...

'Weird Tales Volume 1' (1885) was written by German Romantic author E. T. A. Hoffmann, most famous for his novella 'The Nutcracker and the Mouse King' (1816). Included in this first of two volumes are the short stories: The Cremona Violin, The Fermata, Signor Formica, The Sandman, The Entail and Arthur's Hall. These classic short stories are perfect for fans of horror and fantasy fiction and the authors H. P. Lovecraft and Neil Gaiman.

'Weird Tales Volume 2' (1885) was written by famous German Romantic author E.T.A. Hoffmann. Included in this second and final volume of short stories are: 'The Doge and Dogess', 'Master Martin the Cooper,' 'Mademoiselle de Scudéri,' 'Gambler's Luck,' 'Master Johannes Wacht,' and a bibliographic essay from the translator entitled, 'Biographical Notes.' These classic short stories are perfect for fans of horror and fantasy fiction and the authors H. P. Lovecraft and Neil Gaiman.

Halloween Mysteries is a compelling anthology that encapsulates a mesmerizing blend of tales, each echoing the chilling whispers and shadowy corners of the Halloween spirit. Encompassing an expansive range of literary styles from gothic to detective and beyond, the collection delves into the eerie, the unexplained, and the spectral. It not only celebrates the conventional hallmarks of horror and mystery but also reinterprets them, weaving through historical narratives and psychological lan...

AI can assist the linguist in doing research on the structure of language. This Element illustrates this possibility by showing how a conversational AI based on a Large Language Model (AI LLM chatbot) can assist the Construction Grammarian, and especially the Frame Semanticist. An AI LLM chatbot is a text-generation system trained on vast amounts of text. To generate text, it must be able to find patterns in the data and mimic some linguistic capacity, at least in the eyes of a cooperative...

Mysteries for Halloween gathers an unusually capacious genealogy of the uncanny, ranging from classical marvel and Gothic romance to detective puzzle, psychological terror, spiritualist speculation, and supernatural satire. Its selections move among compact shock tales, antiquarian hauntings, sensational narratives, and eerie investigations, revealing how Halloween's atmosphere of threshold and concealment has energized multiple literary forms. Apparitions, doubles, cursed objects, inexpli...

Allergy is the most frequent chronic disease in the 21st century having severe negative effects on health and the economy. The challenge we therefore face in medicine and science incorporates all areas of society – from politics to food industry, from schools to city planning, and many more. This volume informs the reader about continuously ongoing developments in allergy research and their implications for society. The chapter sections cover the immunological mechanisms in allergy on a mo...