Secondhand smoke exposure and aging caused synergistic effects on the activation of heart adaptive mechanisms. Active cigarette smoking influences all these pathways. Secondhand smoke exposure always makes human pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In left ventricular individual, secondhand smoke exposure may stimuli first a phase of cardiac hypertrophy. Secondhand smoke increases arterial stiffness and coronary cardiac disease events. Because of secondhand smoke exposure involves the combina...

The validity of certain critical reasoning steps carried out during or on the sidelines of the environmental science, public health survey, medical experiment, population risk assessment, or disease space-time mapping under conditions of in situ uncertainty and space-time heterogeneity, is often not given sufficient attention and may even be out of the investigator's line of thought. For example, the technical complexity of an environmental exposure experiment may overshadow the logical as...

China’s urban growth is unparalleled in the history of global urbanization, and will undoubtedly create huge challenges to China as it modernizes its society. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this book presents an overview of the radical transformation of China’s urban space since the 1970s, arguing that to study the Chinese urbanization process one must recognize the distinctive political economy of China.After a long period as a planned socialist economy, China’s rapid ent...

This book focuses on the influences on the shield tunnels (mainly metro tunnels) in typical soft soils in Shanghai Area caused by loading or unloading on the ground. Theoretical analysis, model test, and numerical analysis were adopted for figuring out the influence results. Based on the analysis results and the engineering experiences from the constructions and operations of metro tunnels in Shanghai Area in the past twenty years, the deformation law of tunnel was summarized and several c...

This book focuses on the study of deformation, particularly transverse deformation of the shield tunnel. The book begins with a theoretical analysis based on structural mechanics is introduced, followed by a full-scale model test conducted to monitor the deformation of the structure under gradually increasing loads.Most of the structure types existing in the Shanghai Metro system are researched in the tests, and the deformation mechanisms for different structures were separately su...