This Element explores online harms experienced by children in the metaverse and considers the implications through a criminological lens. Drawing on research from the VIRRAC project, funded by REPHRAIN, it includes insights from industry experts, practitioners, and young people. The Element examines how criminological theories help us understand children's experiences online, while highlighting gaps in knowledge, resources, and training among professionals responsible for safeguarding agai...

This book provides a multi-disciplinary understanding of pathways into and out of youth cybercrime, and evidence-led ways to tackle the cybercrime epidemic, drawing on theoretical perspectives and insights from the largest European H2020 study of youth cybercrime undertaken to date.As societies are incorporating cyberspace into daily routines, people are increasingly at risk of exposure to cybercriminal activity. Many young people today are never truly offline; there is no dichotom...