This groundbreaking book explores the current state of doctoral education in the United States and offers a plan for increasing the effectiveness of doctoral education. Programs must grapple with questions of purpose. The authors examine practices and elements of doctoral programs and show how they can be made more powerful by relying on principles of progressive development, integration, and collaboration. They challenge the traditional apprenticeship model and offer an alternative in whi...

First published in 1993. This study traces the complex social, economic, religious, and political forces which affected African-Americans and their overall response to them. It more specifically illustrates how the prevailing views and actions of the dominant society serve to limit the aspirations of African-Americans in rising above their supposed place within American life.